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What is a Botox Injection
anyway?
The cosmetic form of botulinum toxin, often referred to by its
product name Botox, is a popular non-surgical injection that temporarily reduces
or eliminates frown lines, forehead creases, crows feet near the eyes and thick
bands in the neck. The toxin blocks the nerve impulses, temporarily paralyzing
the muscles that cause wrinkles while giving the skin a smoother, more refreshed
appearance. Studies have also suggested that Botox is effective in relieving
migraine headaches, excessive sweating and muscle spasms in the neck and eyes.
Botulinum neurotoxin is produced by the gram-negative anaerobic bacterium
Clostridium botulinum.
Eight serologically distinct botulinum neurotoxins
exist, designated as A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F, and G. Seven are associated with
paralysis. Types A, B, E and, rarely, F and G are associated with human
botulism.
Dose
The dose of botulinum toxin is expressed in mouse units.
One unit is equal to the amount that will kill 50% of a group of 18- to 22-g
Swiss Webster mice when injected intraperitoneally. The human lethal dose (LD)
for BOTOX (botulinum type A purified neurotoxin complex) is estimated at
approximately 3000 units. BOTOX injections of less than 100 units usually are
used for cosmetic purposes and of less than 300-600 units for other purposes,
thereby allowing a wide safety margin. Recognizing that doses are not
interchangeable among different formulations of botulinum toxin (BOTOX, Dysport,
Myobloc) is important; to achieve similar clinical effects, different doses are
used.
Botulinum toxin formulations
BOTOX is a sterile lyophilized form
of botulinum toxin type A. It is produced from a culture of the Hall strain of C
botulinum and purified by a series of acid precipitations to a crystalline
complex containing the toxin and other proteins. The FDA approved BOTOX in
December 1989 as an orphan drug for the treatment of strabismus, hemifacial
spasms, and blepharospasm. BOTOX is distributed in 100-unit vials.
The
original batch of neurotoxin prepared by Shantz in November 1979 (designated
batch 79-11) constituted the original BOTOX formulation and was used until
December 1997. It was replaced by a new neurotoxin complex batch designated BCB
2024. The new bulk batch is 5-6 times more potent on a weight basis. In a
100-unit vial, only 4.8 ng of neurotoxin is needed compared to 25 ng of 79-11.
The new BOTOX is comparable in clinical efficacy and safety to the old, and a
unit dose of new BOTOX provides an equivalent response to the same unit dose of
old BOTOX. Hopefully, the reduced protein load of the new BOTOX leads to reduced
immunogenicity and a lower incidence of neutralizing antibody formation.
Dysport is another
formulation of botulinum toxin type A available in Europe
and a few other countries. It is prepared using column-based purification
techniques and distributed in 500-unit vials that can be stored at room
temperature. BOTOX and Dysport are both botulinum toxin type A preparations but
are quite distinct from one another. BOTOX is approximately 4 times more potent
on a per unit basis, and Dysport doses often are approximately 4 times the BOTOX
doses used to generate a similar clinical effect. Differences in these toxins
may relate to differences in the strain of bacterium, preparation, diffusion,
and potency testing.
Myobloc is a botulinum toxin type B preparation
currently in clinical trials. It is anticipated that it will be distributed as a
solution. Little information is available concerning the cosmetic use of Dysport
and Myobloc. The remainder of this article therefore focuses on BOTOX, and all
unit doses refer to BOTOX unless otherwise specified.
Reconstitution and
storage
Store BOTOX in a freezer at or below -5°C. The package insert
recommends reconstitution of BOTOX using sterile saline without preservative;
0.9% sodium chloride is the preferred diluent. Some investigators suggest that
reconstitution with sterile saline solution with preservative (0.9% benzyl
alcohol) reduces microbial contamination and provides a weak local anesthetic
effect. However, contamination is rarely a problem, and the anesthetic effect is
modest.
BOTOX is denatured easily by bubbling or agitation; gently inject
the diluent onto the inside wall of the vial. Discard the vial if a vacuum does
not pull the diluent in. The final dilution of BOTOX is mostly a matter of
personal preference; 100 units commonly are reconstituted in 1-10 mL of diluent.
Theoretically, more concentrated solutions reduce reliability in delivering a
specific unit dose, and more dilute solutions lead to greater diffusion of the
toxin. The authors prefer to use 2 mL of diluent to prepare a solution of 5
U/0.1 mL (50 U in a 1-mL tuberculin syringe if that much is to be used). Use a
30-gauge 1-inch needle to perform the injections.
Once reconstituted, keep
BOTOX refrigerated at 2-8°C. The package insert indicates that reconstituted
BOTOX should be used within 4 hours. One study found no loss of activity at 6
hours but a 44% loss after 12 hours and a 70% loss with refreezing at 1-2 weeks.
Other authors report no substantial loss of potency in a 10 U/1 mL reconstituted
solution kept refrigerated for 1 month. Most practitioners discard unused
reconstituted BOTOX after 1-7 days.
About the Author
For more more information about botox injections please visit
http://www.botox-injection-information.net
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